Vivencias académicas y salud mental en tres cohortes universitarias bajo emergencia covid-19

(analítico) La inesperada irrupción del covid-19 tuvo profundas consecuencias para los/las estudiantes universitarios, quienes se vieron forzados/as a desarrollar sus carreras remotamente. Particularmente en Chile, las cohortes de ingreso 2019, 2020 y 2021 conformaron un caso único debido a las diferentes condiciones bajo las cuales se produjo su incorporación. Esta investigación tuvo por fin determinar las diferencias y la relación entre las variables personales y las vivencias académicas en una muestra de 331 estudiantes ad-hoc. Los resultados obtenidos estadísticamente mediante una estrategia asociativa e inferencial permiten concluir que no existen diferencias entre cohortes respecto a su salud mental, salvo en la vivencia con la carrera entre 2020 y 2021. Se presentan sugerencias para su abordaje personal y académico, así como para el desarrollo de estrategias focalizadas en la salud mental universitaria.

(analytical) The unexpected irruption of COVID-19 had profound consequences for university students, who were forced to develop their careers remotely. Particularly in Chile, the 2019, 2020 and 2021 entry cohorts formed a unique case due to the different conditions under which their incorporation took place. This research aimed to determine the differences and the relationship between personal variables and academic experiences in a sample of 331 ad-hoc students. The results obtained statistically through an associative and inferential strategy, allow us to conclude that there are no differences between cohorts with respect to their mental health, except in the experience with the career between 2020 and 2021. Suggestions are presented for their personal and academic approach, as well as for the development of strategies focused on university mental health.

(analítico) A inesperada irrupção do Covid-19 teve consequências profundas para os estudantes universitários, que foram forçados a desenvolver as suas carreiras remotamente. Particularmente no Chile, as coortes de entrada de 2019, 2020 e 2021 foram únicas devido às diferentes condições sob as quais entra-ram. Esta investigação visava determinar as diferenças e a relação entre as variáveis pessoais e as experiências académicas numa amostra de 331 estudantes ad-hoc. Os resultados obtidos estatisticamente através de uma estratégia associativa e inferencial, permitemnos concluir que não existem diferenças entre os coortes no que respeita à sua saúde mental, excepto na experiência com a carreira entre 2020 e 2021. São apresentadas sugestões para abordagens pessoais e académicas, bem como para o desenvolvimento de estratégias centradas na saúde mental universitária.

Primer probes for targeted identification and detection of Bifidobacterium animalis and their application / 中国药科大学学报

@#In this study, in order to overcome the shortcomings of the current methods used to identify Bifidobacterium animalis, such as long time, complicated operation and low adaptability of experimental environment, specific primer probes were designed based on ERIC-PCR technology to identify and detect B.animalis.Based on the genomic DNA of B.animalis HP-B1124, the ERIC-PCR reaction conditions of B.animalis HP-B1124 were optimized, and the ERIC-PCR fragments were obtained one by one and sequenced.Two pairs of specific primer probes were designed.The accuracy, specificity, limitation and universality of the two pairs of primer probes were evaluated, and the two pairs of specific primer probes were used for testing the products containing B.animalis in the commercially published formula.The two pairs of specific primer probes designed in this study could be used for identified strains of B.animalis more simply, quickly and targeted.This method has optimized the current relatively traditional methods of pure culture and plate counting identification of B.animalis, and has solved the high requirements of SNP genotyping technology and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method for experimental equipment and reagents in the identification of B.animalis to a certain extent.It has the characteristics of low cost, high specificity and earn a broad market development prospect.

Las variables sociales y la conciencia meta-cognitiva de los jóvenes adultos colombianos / Social variables and metacognitive awareness of Colombian young adults / Variáveis sociais e consciência metacognitiva de jovens adultos colombianos

Resumen (analítico) La metacognición se define como un proceso reflexivo que permite a las personas monitorear, controlar y autorregular su comportamiento. Sin embargo, la metacognición rara vez se ha estudiado con variables más allá del contexto educativo, como variables sociales, conductuales o clínicas. Así, el propósito del presente estudio fue explorar la relación entre las variables sociales y la conciencia metacognitiva subjetiva y si estas mismas variables sociales predicen componentes de la conciencia metacognitiva (conocimiento y regulación de la cognición). Con una muestra de estudiantes universitarios (N = 246), los resultados revelaron que no solo existen correlaciones significativas entre algunas variables sociales y ambos componentes de la conciencia metacognitiva, sino que esas mismas variables sociales predijeron la conciencia metacognitiva. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados en contextos educativos y clínicos.

Abstract (analytical) Metacognition is defined as a higher-order reflective process that allows individuals to monitor, control, and self-regulate their behavior. However, metacognition has rarely been studied with variables beyond the educational context such as social, behavioral and clinical variables. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social variables and subjective metacognitive aware-ness and whether these same social variables can predict components of metacognitive awareness (knowledge and regulation of cognition). Working with a sample of university students (N = 246), the results of this study identified that there were not only significant correlations between some social variables and both components of metacognitive awareness, but that those same social variables could predict metacognitive awareness. Implications for these outcomes in educational and clinical contexts are discussed.

Resumo (analítico) A metacognição é definida como um processo reflexivo de ordem superior que permite às pessoas monitorar, controlar e autorregular seu comportamento. No entanto, a metacognição raramente foi estudada com variáveis fora do contexto educacional, como variáveis sociais, comportamentais ou clínicas. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi explorar a relação entre as variáveis sociais e a consciência metacognitiva subjetiva e se essas mesmas variáveis sociais predizem os componentes da consciência metacognitiva (conhecimento e regulação da cognição). Com uma amostra de estudantes universitários (N = 246), os resultados revelaram que não apenas existem correlações significativas entre algumas variáveis sociais e ambos os componentes da consciência metacognitiva, mas que essas mesmas variáveis sociais predizem a consciência metacognitiva. As implicações desses resultados em contextos educacionais e clínicos são discutidas.

Configuración de la identidad en jóvenes pertenecientes a pueblos originarios: una meta-etnografía / Configuration of identity in young people belonging to indigenous peoples: a meta-ethnography / Configuração da identidade em jovens pertencentes a povos indígenas: uma meta-etnografia

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo de meta-etnografía es identificar elementos que influyen en la configuración de la identidad cultural de jóvenes de pueblos originarios. Sujetos y método: estudios primarios cualitativos publicados en bases Scopus, WoS y Scielo entre el 2010 y 2021 sobre la configuración identitaria de jóvenes de pueblos originarios. Procedimientos: búsqueda sistemática y metasíntesis cualitativa. Resultados: se obtuvieron 17 artículos que refieren a los siguientes aspectos involucrados en la configuración identitaria: 1) migración; 2) dinámicas de poder y discriminación; 3) tensiones epistemológicas; 4) gestión de la propia identidad; 5) conflictos identitarios; 6) resistencia y autonomía, y 7) recreación de la identidad/diásporas. La síntesis señala que los y las jóvenes portan una heterogeneidad de mundos culturales que proyectan de manera creativa e indeterminada de acuerdo a sus posibilidades y desarrollo.

Abstract (analytical) The objective of this meta-ethnographic synthesis study is to identify the elements that influence the configuration of the identities of young people belonging to indigenous communities. Subjects and Method: Qualitative primary studies on the configuration of cultural identities of young indigenous were reviewed with the criteria of articles published in Scopus, WoS and Scielo databases, between 2010 and 2021. Procedures: systematic search and qualitative meta-synthesis. Results: 17 articles were reviewed that refer to the following aspects involved in identity configuration: 1) Migration; 2) Dynamics of power and discrimination; 3) Epistemological tensions; 4) Self-identity management; 5) Identity conflicts; 6) Resistance, and 7) Recreation of identity/diasporas. The review indicates that young people carry a heterogeneity of cultural worlds that they project in a creative and indeterminate way depending on their possibilities and development.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste estudo de síntese metaetnográfica é identificar os elementos que influenciam a configuração da identidade de jovens indígenas. Sujeitos e Método: Estudos primários qualitativos publicados nas bases de dados Scopus, WoS e Scielo, entre 2010 e 2021, sobre a configuração de identidades culturais em jovens indígenas. Procedimentos: busca sistemática e metassíntese qualitativa. Resultados: foram obtidos 17 artigos que se referem aos seguintes aspectos envolvidos na configuração da identidade: 1) Migração; 2) Dinâmica de poder e discriminação; 3) Tensões epistemológicas; 4) Gerenciamento de autoidentidade; 5) Conflitos de identidade; 6) Resistência e autonomia 7) Recriação de identidade / diásporas. A síntese indica que os jovens carregam consigo uma hete-rogeneidade de mundos culturais que projetam de forma criativa e indeterminada de acordo com suas possibilidades e desenvolvimento.

Estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de covid-19: clases en línea y vida cotidiana / Being a college student in COVID-19 times: online classes and daily life / Ser um estudante universitário em tempos de Covid-19: aulas online e vida quotidiana

Resumen (analítico) Se abordan los ajustes que hicieron estudiantes de psicología en su vida cotidiana para continuar con sus clases en línea. Desde un enfoque de psicología cultural y una investigación de corte cualitativo, se analizan los significados que las y los estudiantes plasmaron en cuestionarios abiertos respondidos en línea. Los resultados muestran el trabajo de reelaboración práctico y simbólico que realizaron las y los participantes para redefinir qué significa ser estudiante en tiempos de pandemia. Se exponen las emociones que tuvieron, las estrategias empleadas para responder a las clases en línea y las experiencias con el servicio de psicología brindado a adolescentes de secundaria. Concluimos que durante la pandemia por covid-19 las clases en línea implicaron para las y los estudiantes retos nuevos en el reacomodo de sus vidas cotidianas.

Abstract (analytical) The paper addresses the adjustments made by psychology students in their daily lives to continue with their online classes. From a cultural psychology approach and a qualitative research approach, we analyze the meanings that students expressed in open questionnaires answered online. The results show the practical and symbolic elaboration work carried out by the participants to redefine what it means to be a student in times of pandemic. The emotions they had, the strategies used to respond to the online classes, and the experiences with the psychology service provided to secondary school adolescents are presented. We conclude that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the online classes implied new challenges for the students in the rearrangement of their daily lives.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo aborda os ajustamentos que os estudantes de psicologia fizeram na sua vida quotidiana para continuar com as suas aulas online. A partir de uma abordagem psicológica cultural e de uma investigação qualitativa, analisamos os significados que os estudantes expressaram em questionários abertos respondidos em linha. Os resultados mostram o trabalho prático e simbólico de reelaboração realizado pelos participantes para redefinir o que significa ser um estudante em tempos de pandemia. São apresentadas as emoções que tinham, as estratégias utilizadas para responder às aulas em linha e as experiências com o serviço de psicologia prestado aos adolescentes do ensino secundário. Concluímos que durante a pandemia de Covid-19, as aulas em linha proporcionaram aos estudantes novos desafios na reorganização da sua vida quotidiana.

Genomic characterization, antimicrobial resistance profiles, enterotoxin, and biofilm production of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and animal products origins in Eastern Turkey

ABSTRACT: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic and ubiquitous pathogen found in the skin, nares, and mucosal membranes of mammals. Increasing resistance to antimicrobials including methicillin has become an important public concern. One hundred and eight (108) S. aureus strains isolated from a total of 572 clinical and animal products samples, were investigated for their biofilm capability, methicillin resistance, enterotoxin genes, and genetic diversity. Although only one strain isolated from raw retail was found as a strong biofilm producer, the percentage of antimicrobial resistance pattern was relatively higher. 17.59% of S. aureus strains tested in this study were resistant to cefoxitin and identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. mecA and mecC harboring S. aureus strains were detected at a rate of 2.79% and 0.93%, respectively. In addition, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes including Sea, Seb, Sec, and Sed genes were found to be 18.5%, 32.4%, 6.5% and 3.7%, respectively. The phylogenetic relationship among the isolates showed relationship between joint calf and cow milk isolates. Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed three different sequence types (STs) including ST84, ST829, and ST6238. These findings highlight the development and spread of MRSA strains with zoonotic potential in animals and the food chain throughout the world.

RESUMO: Staphylococcus aureus é um patógeno dúctil e ubíquo encontrado na pele, narinas e membranas mucosas de mamíferos. O aumento da resistência aos antimicrobianos, incluindo a meticilina, tornou-se uma importante preocupação pública. Cento e oito (108) cepas de S. aureus isoladas de um total de 572 amostras clínicas e de produtos animais foram investigadas por sua capacidade de biofilme, resistência à meticilina, genes de enterotoxinas e diversidade genética. Embora apenas uma cepa isolada do cru tenha sido encontrada como forte produtora de biofilme, a porcentagem do padrão de resistência antimicrobiana foi relativamente maior. Parte das cepas (17,59%) de S. aureus testadas neste estudo eram resistentes à cefoxitina e identificadas como isolados de MRSA. mecA e mecC abrigando cepas de S. aureus foram detectados a uma taxa de 2,79% e 0,93%, respectivamente. Além disso, verificou-se que os genes da enterotoxina estafilocócica, incluindo os genes Sea, Seb, Sec e Sed, eram 18,5%, 32,4%, 6,5% e 3,7%, respectivamente. A relação filogenética entre os isolados mostrou relação entre os isolados de bezerro e leite de vaca. A tipagem de sequência multiloco (MLST) revelou três tipos de sequência diferentes (STs), incluindo ST84, ST829 e ST6238. Essas descobertas destacam o desenvolvimento e a disseminação de cepas de MRSA com potencial zoonótico em animais e na cadeia alimentar em todo o mundo.

Genomic characterization, antimicrobial resistance profiles, enterotoxin, and biofilm production of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and animal products origins in Eastern Turkey / Caracterização genômica perfis de resistência antimicrobiana, produção de enterotoxinas e biofilme Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina isolado de origem clínica e de produtos de origem animal no leste da Turquia

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic and ubiquitous pathogen found in the skin, nares, and mucosal membranes of mammals. Increasing resistance to antimicrobials including methicillin has become an important public concern. One hundred and eight (108) S. aureus strains isolated from a total of 572 clinical and animal products samples, were investigated for their biofilm capability, methicillin resistance, enterotoxin genes, and genetic diversity. Although only one strain isolated from raw retail was found as a strong biofilm producer, the percentage of antimicrobial resistance pattern was relatively higher. 17.59% of S. aureus strains tested in this study were resistant to cefoxitin and identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. mecA and mecC harboring S. aureus strains were detected at a rate of 2.79% and 0.93%, respectively. In addition, staphylococcal enterotoxin genes including Sea, Seb, Sec, and Sed genes were found to be 18.5%, 32.4%, 6.5% and 3.7%, respectively. The phylogenetic relationship among the isolates showed relationship between joint calf and cow milk isolates. Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed three different sequence types (STs) including ST84, ST829, and ST6238. These findings highlight the development and spread of MRSA strains with zoonotic potential in animals and the food chain throughout the world.

Staphylococcus aureus é um patógeno dúctil e ubíquo encontrado na pele, narinas e membranas mucosas de mamíferos. O aumento da resistência aos antimicrobianos, incluindo a meticilina, tornou-se uma importante preocupação pública. Cento e oito (108) cepas de S. aureus isoladas de um total de 572 amostras clínicas e de produtos animais foram investigadas por sua capacidade de biofilme, resistência à meticilina, genes de enterotoxinas e diversidade genética. Embora apenas uma cepa isolada do cru tenha sido encontrada como forte produtora de biofilme, a porcentagem do padrão de resistência antimicrobiana foi relativamente maior. Parte das cepas (17,59%) de S. aureus testadas neste estudo eram resistentes à cefoxitina e identificadas como isolados de MRSA. mecA e mecC abrigando cepas de S. aureus foram detectados a uma taxa de 2,79% e 0,93%, respectivamente. Além disso, verificou-se que os genes da enterotoxina estafilocócica, incluindo os genes Sea, Seb, Sec e Sed, eram 18,5%, 32,4%, 6,5% e 3,7%, respectivamente. A relação filogenética entre os isolados mostrou relação entre os isolados de bezerro e leite de vaca. A tipagem de sequência multiloco (MLST) revelou três tipos de sequência diferentes (STs), incluindo ST84, ST829 e ST6238. Essas descobertas destacam o desenvolvimento e a disseminação de cepas de MRSA com potencial zoonótico em animais e na cadeia alimentar em todo o mundo.

Generaciones centenial y milenial: actitudes hacia la sexualidad / The Centennial and Millennial generations: Attitudes towards sexuality / Gerações centennial e millennial: atitudes em relação à sexualidade

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo general fue conocer las actitudes hacia la sexualidad de estudiantes universitarios de las generaciones milenial y centenial. Como objetivo específico se validó un cuestionario de actitudes. Se siguió una metodología no experimental, transversal, con análisis descriptivo de respuestas de 402 estudiantes (69.1% mujeres, 30.9% hombres), con una media de edad de 20.8 años (DE 2.07). Resultaron actitudes favorables hacia: expresiones sexuales homosexuales y transexuales, eliminación de roles de género, uso del condón y re-chazo hacia la violencia en redes sociales. Se presentaron actitudes desfavorables hacia el amor y actitudes indecisas hacia las relaciones casuales. Concluimos que el conocimiento de las actitudes es fundamental en el diseño y la ejecución de políticas de salud pública dirigidas a promover y preservar la salud sexual de las generaciones actuales.

Abstract (analytical) The general objective of this study was to identify attitudes towards sexuality held by university students pertaining to the millennial and centennial generations. An attitudes questionnaire was validated as a specific objective. A non-experimental, cross-sectional methodology was followed, involving a descriptive analysis of 402 students' responses (69.1% women, 30.9% men) with a mean age of 20.8 years (SD 2.07). Favorable attitudes were found towards: homosexual and transexual expressions of sexuality, elimination of gender roles, condom use and rejection of violence in social networks. There were unfavorable attitudes toward love and marriage and a lack of definition towards casual relationships. The authors conclude that knowledge of attitudes is essential for the design and implementation of public health policies aimed at promoting and preserving the sexual health of current generations.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo geral foi conhecer as atitudes face à sexualidade de estudantes universitários das gerações millennial e centennial, tendo como objetivo específico validar um questionário de atitudes. Foi seguida uma metodologia não experimental, transversal, com análise descritiva das respostas de 402 alunos (69.1% mulheres, 30.9 % homens), com uma média de idade de 20.8 anos (DP 2.07). Atitudes favoráveis foram encontradas em relação a: expressões sexuais homossexuais e transexuais, eliminação de papéis de gênero, uso de preservativo e repulsa face à violência nas redes sociais. Simultaneamente, atitudes desfavoráveis foram encontradas em relação ao amor e ao casamento e atitudes indefinidas em relação aos relacionamentos casuais. Concluímos que o conhecimento das atitudes é essencial na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas de saúde dirigidas a promover e preservar a saúde sexual das gerações atuais.

Molecular characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii and the changes of efflux pump expression under tigecycline pressure / 医学研究生学报

Objective　Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a commonly infective bacterium in the hospital. This study aims to analyze its molecular epidemiological characteristics, detect the carrying rate of efflux pump and regulatory protein genes, and investigate the effects of tigecycline on the efflux pump and expression of regulatory protein genes.　Methods　A total of 183 A. baumannii strains were collected from inpatients of the affiliated hospital of Jiangsu University from May 2017 to March 2019. They were divided into an antimicrobial-resistant group (one or more antimicrobial-resistant strains, 139 strains) and a sensitive group (the drugs in the drug sensitivity test were all non-resistant strains, 44 strains). Repeated sequence PCR was used for homology analysis of the strains, and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used as the gold standard for homology analysis to verify and compare some strains. PCR was used to detect the occurrence of drug resistance-related genes. Based on homology analysis, efflux pump carrying rate detection and antibiotics sensitivity test results, 6 clinical strains carrying all efflux pump genes but different resistance phenotypes were selected as experimental strains, including sensitive strains (SAB), the multidrug resistance strain (MDRAB) and the extensively drug-resistant strain (XDRAB). All strains were induced in vitro with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tigecycline. The induced strains were categorized as induction group, and the same strains cultured in LB agar without tigecycline was used as a control group. MIC was used to analyze the tigecycline susceptibility, and RT-qPCR was used to detect the gene expression of efflux pumps, such as TetB, AbaQ and regulatory proteins (AdeS and BaeS), in drug-resistant strains.　Results　Homology analysis showed that there were 45 clonal groups in the detected clinical isolates, with no obvious outbreak of epidemic clonal groups. Efflux pumps and regulatory proteins were widely distributed in the clinical isolates, and the expression of AdeB, TetB, AbeS, AdeS in MDRAB and XDRAB is significantly higher than that insensitive group SAB. Continuous in vitro induction with tigecycline could increase the antimicrobial resistance of some clinical strains and even significantly increase the expression levels of efflux pumps and regulatory proteins.　Conclusion　A. baumannii is widely distributed in the clinic, and efflux pumps and regulatory proteins might play an important role in drug resistance process. The unreasonable use of tigecycline could enhance the tolerance of A. baumannii by up-regulating the expression of some bacterial efflux pumps.

Comparación de tres técnicas para subtipificación molecular de Listeria monocytogenes / Comparison of three molecular subtyping techniques for Listeria monocytogenes

Abstract Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen. The recent alert for L. monocytogenes in vegetables from Argentina warns about the importance of reinforcing its isolation, characterization and subtyping in food, clinical and environmental samples. The aim of the present study was to compare the discriminatory power of enterobacterial repetitive interpower; genic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to subtype strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from Argentine meat and environmental samples. Simpson's Diversity Index (DI) was calculated on the basis of based on the dendrograms obtained in the by cluster analysis, showing the following discriminatory power: ApaI-PFGE (0.980), AscI-PFGE (0.966), ribotyping (0.912), ERIC-PCR (0.886). The ID values between ApaI- and AscI-PFGE and between ribotyping and ERIC-PCR were not significantly different. Of the three techniques evaluated, PFGE showed the highest discriminatory power. However, the subtyping techniques should be accompanied by effective food monitoring strategies and reliable clinical and epidemiological studies.

Resumen Listeria monocytogenes es un patógeno alimentario. La reciente alerta por la presencia de L. monocytogenes en vegetales en Argentina advierte sobre la importancia de reforzar el aislamiento, la caracterización y la subtipificación de esta bacteria en muestras clínicas de alimentos y ambientales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el poder discriminatorio de enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), la ribotipificación automatizada y la pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) para subtipificar cepas de L. monocytogenes aisladas de carne y de muestras ambientales en Argentina. El índice de diversidad (ID) de Simpson, calculado a partir de los dendrogramas obtenidos en el análisis de agrupamiento, mostró los siguientes resultados: Apal-PFGE (0,980), AscI-PFGE (0,966), riboti-pado (0,912), ERIC-PCR (0,886). Los valores obtenidos no fueron significativamente diferentes al comparar entre Apal- y AscI-PFGE, ni entre ribotipadoy ERIC-PCR. De las técnicas evaluadas, la PFGE presentó el mayor poder discriminatorio. Sin embargo, las técnicas de subtipificación deberían acompañarse de estrategias de control de los alimentos efectivas y de estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos confiables.

Conceptualizaciones, perspectivas y referentes de la participación en la educación primaria, México / Conceptualizations, perspectives and reference points for participation in elementary schools, Mexico / Conceitos, perspectivas e referências da participação na educação primária no México

Resumen (analítico) Se analizan las conceptualizaciones sobre participación que refieren niñas y niños (entre cinco y ocho años de edad), así como las de sus profesores y familiares, en tres escuelas de educación primaria de zonas urbano-marginales en México. El método cuasietnográfico fue utilizado para describir e interpretar los significados obtenidos de las entrevistas individuales, grupos focales y el dibujo infantil. La información fue analizada por medio del análisis de contenido categorial. Los resultados muestran que, conforme la infancia avanza en su escolarización, los significados sobre participación se acotan a emitir opiniones cuando le son solicitadas por los profesores. Se identifica al adultocentrismo y obediencia como los obstáculos de la construcción de escuelas inclusivas, concluyendo que es imperativo generar diálogos entre los referentes conceptuales sobre participación provenientes del espacio familiar y educativo.

Abstract (analytical) This paper reviews the conceptualizations of participation among children aged between five and eight years old, their teachers and their family members in three elementary schools in urban marginalized areas of Mexico. A quasi-ethnographic method was used for the description and interpretation of the meanings identified in individual interviews, focal groups and children's drawings. The information was reviewed using a process involving categorical content analysis. The results indicate that as the children progress through their schooling process, the meanings related to participation are limited to issuing opinions when requested by teachers. Adult-centrism and obedience norms are identified as obstacles that limit the construction of inclusive schools. The authors conclude that it is imperative to generate dialogues between the conceptual reference points about child participation in family and educational spaces.

Resumo (analítico) Neste trabalho são analisados conceitos sobre a participação de crianças, entre cinco e oito anos de idade, e a participação de professores e familiares em três escolas de Ensino Fundamental de áreas urbanas marginalizadas do México. O método quase etnográfico foi utilizado para descrever e interpretar os significados a partir de entrevistas individuais e grupais, bem como de desenhos infantis. A informação foi estudada por meio de uma Análise de conteúdo categorial. Os resultados mostram que conforme as crianças avançam na sua escolaridade, os resultados sobre participação se limitam a emitir opiniões quando lhe são solicitadas pelos professores no espaço escolar. O centrismo adulto e a obediência são identificados como obstáculos à construção de escolas inclusivas, concluindo que é imprescindível gerar diálogos entre os referentes conceituais sobre a participação proveniente da família e do espaço educacional.

Genomic and proteomic approach as a tool to discrimination of Escherichia coli strains of biotechnological interest

The Methods based on genomic and proteomic approaches are described as effective tools for the identificationof microorganisms. The development of methodologies capable of differentiating, interspecifically, pathogenic,wild and genetically modified Escherichia coli strains is desirable for the fields of healthcare and Biotechnology.The purpose of this study was to verify the viability of ERIC-PCR and MALDI TOF methods in differentiatinglineages of Escherichia strains. For this purpose, laboratory Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Escherichia coliW3110, Escherichia coli BL21DE3+, Escherichia coli JM109, Escherichia coli MC 1061 and Escherichiacoli DH5α were subjected to ERIC-PCR and MALDI TOF mass spectrometry analyzes. Genomic (ERIC-PCR)and proteomic (MALDI-TOF) methods were able to discriminate between different lineages of Escherichiacoli strains including lineages of Escherichia coli K-12. However, the MALDI TOF proteomic approachrevealed being able to differentiate interspecifically lineages of Escherichia coli strains. The determination ofthe most frequent masses found in the studied Escherichia coli strains in addition to future experiments ofpeptide sequencing profile and SDS-PAGE can be used as a guideline for validating a method for proteomicidentification of these strains.

Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR analysis as a reliable evidence for suspected Shigella spp. outbreaks

Abstract Background Shigellosis remains a serious public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize fliC and the genetic relatedness of Shigella spp. isolated during a one-year period from children in a suspected outbreak in Tehran, Iran. Methods and results Fifty Shigella spp. were isolated from 3779 stool samples of children with diarrhea (prevalence rate: 1.32%). Among the isolates, 92% were characterized as Shigella sonnei, while 6% and 2% were identified as S. flexneri and S. boydii, respectively. S. dysenteriae was not recovered from the patients. All isolates were negative for fliC except for Shigella standard strains. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) profiles allowed differentiating the 50 isolates into 5 ERIC types, which were grouped into five clusters (ET1-ET5). Computer-assisted clustering of the strains showed a high degree of similarity among the isolates. Conclusion In conclusion, given the clonal correlation of the Shigella strains isolated in this study and the lack of fliC among them, we propose that probably a single or limited fliC-defected Shigella clone spread and caused the outbreak.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovar Ndolo isolated from outbreaks in cattle and horses / Susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e caracterização molecula de isolados de Salmonella sorovar Ndolo de bovinos e equinos

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to describe and characterize, for the first time, two outbreaks of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Ndolo in foals and calves in Brazil and compare the isolated strains with S. Ndolo previously identified in asymptomatic reptiles. The affected calves and foals presented fever, lethargy, and profuse diarrhea. Isolated strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, characterized according to virulence genes, and fingerprinted by ERIC-PCR. Salmonella Ndolo was identified in fecal samples from two foals and four calves. One isolate from a calf was resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and florfenicol. Strains from two other calves were resistant to oxytetracycline. All virulence genes tested were present in the isolates, and two major clusters of closely related strains were identified by ERIC-PCR, each per outbreak. This is the first report of Salmonella Ndolo infection in domestic and symptomatic animals. Previously, this serovar had been identified only in human infections. The presence of relevant virulence genes in all Salmonella Ndolo isolates and the detection of antimicrobial multi-resistant strains highlighted the importance of monitoring serovars associated with salmonellosis in domestic animals.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever e caracterizar, pela primeira vez, dois surtos de salmonelose causados por Salmonella Ndolo em potros e bezerros do Brasil e comparar esses isolados com Salmonella Ndolo previamente identificada em répteis assintomáticos. Os animais infectados apresentaram febre, letargia e diarreia profusa. Os isolados foram submetidos a testes de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos e foram caracterizados conforme a presença de genes de virulência e diversidade genética, utilizando-se o ERIC-PCR. Salmonella Ndolo foi identificado em amostras fecais de dois potros e quatro bezerros. Um isolado de bezerro foi resistente a amoxicilina/ácido clavulanico, trimethoprima/sulfametoxazol e florfenicol. Estirpes de dois outros bezerros foram resistentes a oxitetraciclina. Todos os genes de virulência testados foram identificados nos isolados e dois grandes grupos de estirpes geneticamente relacionadas foram identificados pelo ERIC-PCR, um para cada surto. Esse é o primeiro relato de Salmonella Ndolo em animais domésticos e sintomáticos. Previamente, esse sorovar foi identificado apenas em infecções humanas. A presença de fatores de virulência relevantes em todos os isolados e a detecção de estirpes multirresistentes a antimicrobianos destaca a importância do monitoramento de sorovares associados a salmonelose em animais domésticos.

Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis isolates by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease in which the molecular typing methods allow to have important information about the dynamics of transmission and to assist properly in disease control. Although the ERIC-PCR (Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR) assay is fast and easy to perform, scarce studies have reported its use in epidemiological studies in TB outbreaks. In this study, we aimed to genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis isolates by ERIC-PCR and compare its discriminatory power with two other classically used methods: 12 loci-MIRU (Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units) and Spoligotyping. The M. tuberculosis isolates studied were from northwestern and southwestern and M. bovis from northwestern Parana, Brazil. ERIC-PCR rendered banding patterns with great diversity (1 to 12 bands) of molecular sizes, ranging from 100 to 1600 bp. ERIC-PCR showed to be fast, simple and affordable to differentiate isolates. ERIC-PCR would be an important tool in the epidemiology of TB as screening in case of outbreak, which demands rapid intervention. However if any doubt persist, as it may occur with the application of only one genotypic method, other genotyping methods should be applied and carefully interpreted, always with additional epidemiological information.

Gut microbiota at different stages of HBV infection / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between gut microbiota and hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection at different stage. Methods 84 patients aged 25 ~ 40 were enrolled in the study,the ALT,AST and HBV antigens and antibodies qualitatively detected. Then they were divided into four groups based on HBV related antigens and antibodies qualitative detection according to guideline for chronic HBV infection:48 in the protective antibody positive group where vaccine injection was performed for producing protective antibodies ,14 in the HBV recovery group 9 in chronic HBV infection group And 13 in antibody negative group where vaccine injection was done. Their fecal samples were collected and total DNA were extracted and subjected to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence polymerase chain reaction(ERIC-PCR). After ERIC-PCR,gel electrophoresis and genetool software were used to analyse the differences in the amount of bands and the position of main bands between groups. Results The amounts of bands in the antibody negative and chronic HBV infected groups were significantly smaller than the protective antibody group and HBV recovery group. The position of main band in the protective antibody group and HBV recovery group were wildly spread within groups ,and most main bands in the HBV recovery group were above 282 bp. The main bands in the antibody negative and chronic HBV infected groups were centralized in 60 ~ 70 bp. Conclusions Compared with the protective antibody group and HBV recovery group ,the richness of gut microbiota in the antibody negative and chronic HBV infected groups are significantly decreased and lack of microbiota above 200 bp in ERIC-PCR.

Analysis of Intestinal Microbiota of Type 2 Diabetes Patients of by Two Fingerprint Technologies / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics of intestinal Microbiota in T2DM patients by two molecular fingerprint technologies,and investigate the correlation of intestinal microbiota and T2DM,and evaluate the application value of two fin-gerprint technologies.Methods Fecal samples of 8 healthy groups and 7 diabetes patients were collected.Then the total DNA of gut microbiota was extracted.Through the analysis of products by two molecular fingerprints of ERIC-PCR and DGGE-PCR,ecological characteristics of diversity and similarity of gut microbiota were obtained in healthy groups and dia-betes patients.Results Compared to healthy groups,the number of bands and Shannon-Wiener index of gut microbiota in di-abetes patients was decreased but no statistical significance.The similarity in patients group was declining(P <0.05),and the construction of gut microbiota was inclined to differ.Two fingerprint technologies of ERIC and DGGE could directly re-flect the diversity of gut microbiota and were the modern molecular biological techniques without depending on cultivation. ERIC was simple and convenient,had a better reflection of microbial diversity,but gel band cutting and regarded asa proper approach with higher diffraction efficiency and excellent repetition to studysequencing couldn’t be performed since there were more influencing factors on the experiment.DGGE could better reflect the ecological characteristics such as microbial diversity and similarity,and selecting bands,gel band cutting and sequencing could be done.Conclusion The composition and construction of gut microbiota in diabetes patients were changed,which suggests the occurrence of the disease had the correlation with gut microbiota.ERIC and DGGE is regarded as a proper approach with higher diffraction efficiency and ex-cellent repetition to study intestinal microbiota,but also gel band cutting,sequencing,bacteria identification can be performed by DGGE,both can be used in combination.

Carbapenemase genes and homology of Acinetobacter baumannii in two hospitals of Qingdao / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate antimicrobial resistance,distribution,and carriage of carbapenemase genes of Acinetobacterbaumannii(AB)from two hospitals in Qingdao.Methods 145 AB isolates collected from two hospi-tals (78 from hospital A,67 from hospital B)were performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing,carbapenemase genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR);homology analysis were conducted with enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR.Results AB from hospital A were generally resistant to 16 commonly used antimicrobial agents,with the lowest resistant rate of 3.85% to cefoperazone/sulbactam,followed by resist-ance rate of 16.67% to minocycline,resistant rates to the other antimicrobial agents were all>73% . AB from hos-pital B were generally resistant to 23 commonly used antimicrobial agents,but the resistance rates to minocycline and tigecycline were both 0,resistance rates to amikacin and levofloxacin were 23.88% and 38.81% respectively, resistant rates to the other antimicrobial agents were all >64% . All strains carried OXA-5 1 gene,the carriage rates of OXA-23 gene in carbapenem-resistant group were 86.76% (59/68)and 56.67% (34/60)in hospital A and B re-spectively,the difference was significant(χ2= 14.53,P<0.001);OXA-58 gene was detected in 3 isolates in hospi-tal A but not detected from hospital B. 145 AB strains were classified into 8 types,the major prevalence types were type A (n= 71)and E(n= 37);the major prevalence types in hospital A were type A (46.15% )and E(41.03% ), hospital B were type A (52.24% )and C (17.91% ).Conclusion Antimicrobial resistance of clinically isolated AB is serious and prevailed in two hospitals. OXA-23 and OXA-51 genes play an important role in AB resistance to car-bapenems.

Genomic Diversity of Cholera Outbreak Strains in East Malaysia

Thirty one Vibrio cholera isolates recovered from cholera outbreak in Bintulu, Sarawak (Malaysia) were detected with the presence of ctx gene by using specific PCR. These isolates were further characterized and differentiated by using the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) and BOX-PCR to determine their genomic fingerprints. The specific PCR result confirmed the identities of 27 isolates out of 31 as pathogenic V. cholerae. The ERIC-PCR generated several genetic profiles consisting of 4-6 bands with sizes in the range of 100 to 600 bp, while the BOX-PCR produced profiles numbering 2-7 bands in the sizes between 200 to 1000 bp. Based on the dendrogram generated from the DNA fingerprinting profiles (ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR), all of the isolates can be divided into 2 main clusters that is further divided into 2 sub-clusters. The low genetic diversity of the isolates indicated the outbreak of V. cholerae in the study area was due to the contamination from a single or few sources of V. cholerae.

Molecular epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from different sources in Brazil / Epidemiologia molecular de Listeria monocytogenes isoladas de diferentes fontes no Brasil

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that primarily affects pregnant women, neonates, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, and it may cause abortion, septicemia, and meningitis. From the 13 capsular groups described, serotypes 4b, 1/2b and 1/2a are most closely related to human infection. For this reason, serotyping has limited value as an epidemiological tool; thus, improved discriminatory typing methods are required to enhance knowledge of L. monocytogenes contamination and infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes isolates in the pork processing industry in Sao Paulo, Brazil and human infection isolates by ERICPCR and single enzyme AFLP. Serotypes 1/2c and 4b were frequent among isolates from pork and slaughterhouse/market environments, whereas serotypes 4b and 1/2a were observed among human isolates. ERIC-PCR and AFLP revealed 34 and 31 distinct profiles, respectively, which had tendencies of separation according to serogroup and isolate origin. The genetic profiles from slaughterhouse and market environments suggest the possibility of different sources of Listeria contamination in the environment, although in certain cases, continuous contamination caused by the persistence of clonal strains is also a possibility.

Listeria monocytogenes é um importante patógeno de origem alimentar que afeta principalmente grávidas, neonatos, idosos e indivíduos imunocomprometidos, e pode causar abortamento, septicemia e meningite. Dos 13 grupos capsulares descritos, os sorotipos 4b, 1/2b e 1/2a são os mais relacionados à infecção humana. Por esta razão, a sorotipagem possui valor limitado como ferramenta epidemiológica e, dessa forma, métodos mais discriminatórios são necessários para melhorar o conhecimento sobre a contaminação e a infecção por L. monocytogenes. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de isolados de L. monocytogenes da indústria de processamento de carne suína noEstado de São Paulo, Brasil, e compará-los a isolados de casos de infecção humana através do ERIC-PCR e AFLP com uma única enzima. Os sorotipos 1/2c e 4b foram frequentes em carne suína e ambientes de abatedouros e mercados, enquanto os sorotipos 4b e 1/2a foram observados nos isolados de humanos. ERIC-PCR e AFLP resultaram em 34 e 31 perfis distintos, respectivamente, com uma tendência a separar de acordo com o sorogrupo e a origem do isolado. Os perfis genéticos de ambiente dos abatedouros e mercados sugerem a possibilidade de diferentes origens de contaminação por Listeria nos ambientes estudados, porém, em alguns casos, é possível que ocorra a persistência de cepas clonais causando contaminação contínua.